Kmart and Sears Merger Essay Example for Free

Kmart and Sears Merger EssayKmart had been established in 1962 by its parent company S. S. Kresge as a discount department computer storage offering the most variety of goods at the lowest prices. Un- like Sears, the company chose not to locate in large shopping m boths provided to establish its discount stores in highly visible corner locations. During the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, Kmart prospered. Retail formats in operation Kmart is a chain of discount stores that are usually free standing or placed in a strip malls. queen-size Kmart signals a different kind of Kmart. These stores are bigger, brighter and offer big savings, big value, big selection and big convenience.Big Kmart stores are designed to gain store sales by increasing the frequency of customer visits. The format focuses on three distinct businesses home fashions, childrens apparel and consum fits and features an expanded food area known as the Pantry. Kmart Super Center is a chain of hypermarkets that carr y everything a regular Kmart carries, but also have a full grocery section with meat and poultry, baked goods, a delicatessen, garden produce, and fresh seafood. Most Kmart Super Centers operate 24-hours a day and offer special services.In 1999 Kmart began offering a dial-up internet service called BlueLight, which was eventually spun off as an independent company. BlueLight was initially free and support by banner ads. BlueLight dropped the free service in February 2001 and was reacquired by Kmart in July 2001. In 2002 United Online, which also owns NetZero and Juno, bought the BlueLight service after Kmart filed for bankruptcy. In August 2006, Bluelight dropped the banners. As of August 2006, the service bells $14. 95 a month and has around 165,000 subscribers. Promotional Pricing modelPromotional pricing had always been the forte at Kmart. Offering a bring low price temporarily in order to enhance the effectiveness of product sales efforts to cost sensitive consumer. In 1990, W al-Mart overtook Kmart in sales, they well-tried to wean the company outside from this strategy. Kmart cut process on 38,000 items and promoted the with expensive television commercials, which failed to lure younger shoppers. Then Wal-Mart countered by utilize its greater efficiency and economies of denture to fight back on pricing. The outcome was 1% drop in Kmarts sales in December and 8% change magnitude in those of Wal-Mart.Financial Analysis Prior to 2001, company was making continues losses, in order to infrastand scenario we first analyze the period from 1995 to 1998. Here, Kmart started making some profit. And the mho part from the year 1998 to 2002, where they actually went bankrupts. In 1995, the firm suffered a huge loss of $571 million. This was because of the non- procedure of 127 international stores. It was in the same year that COGS as a dower of sales were too high as 78%. Operating expenses as a percentage was in proportion to that of the industry.However du e to the low performance of the international stores, stores outside t United States, Kmart had a bad financial year in 1995. It was the same year that the management decided to do away with the non preforming stores and thereby closed all its international stores and started four new stores in the home market. The list of stores by Kmart during the period can be seen as under In 1999, COGS was 78% of sales as compared to 72 % of sales in the year 1998. Also, COGS change magnitude drastically compared to increase in sales. Sales in 1999 increased by 6. 26%, however COGS increased by 12. 23%.Thus, there was a major decrease in the grow profit from 27% of sales to 21% of sales. This was the beginning of the downfall of Kmart. From here on, COGS kept on increasing. In 2002 COG reached 85%, thus gross margin reduced from 21% in 1999 to 14% in 2002. During the same time, Kmarts operational efficiency too decreased and it increased from 18% in the year 1999 to 21% in 2002. Thus, increase in the COGS, lowering of the gross margin and increase in the operational costs, all contributes to the fall of Kmart.Competitors within the industry Its primary competitors were Wal-Mart, Sears, Target, Kohls, and J.C. Penney, with secondary competitors in indisputable categories. Wal-Mart Wal-Mart followed the lower cost competitive strategy of cost leadership. According to our textbook cost leadership aims at the broad mass market and requires efficient scale facilities, cost reductions, cost and overhead control avoids marginal customers, cost minimization in RD, service, sales force and advertising. Therefore Wal-Mart could get following benefits this strategy provided refutation against competitors, provides a barrier to entry for new competitors and generate increased market share.Wal-Mart managed to maintain everyday low prices and achieve highest sales in the industry. It should be notable that Wal-Marts 2005 revenues exceeded that of the next ? ve U. S. retailers combi ned these are Home Depot, Kroger, Sears Holding Company (which includes Sears and Kmart), Costco, and Target. Wal-Marts technological edge is in its logistics, distribution, and inventory control helped it reduce cost and offer customers product cheaper than its competitors. Moreover it could benefit from economies of scale.Wal-Mart also used differentiation focus strategy by creating a product and service unique to customers, fit to ReferenceForBusiness. com. It could be argued that this feature is not real and just in the mind of the customer customers believed they were beingness offered something special. Wal-Mart achieved this strategy by offering unique warranties and brand images. Wal-Mart customers believed they were being provided with something that they cannot find at any of the stores competitors. Wall-marts value chain worked in following wayVendors, Wal-Marts suppliers haveed products to Wal-Marts distribution center or directly to one of the stores. Wal-Mart was ab le to bargain for the lowest possible price because of the high volume of sales. Therefore, Wal-Mart could pass this savings to its customers. After that once the products were delivered to the distribution center, they were sorted and placed on trucks to be delivered to stores. This allows for less than 48 hour deliveries to stores and increased efficiency on trucks with backhauls. After products were delivered to the stores, they were placed on the appropriate shelf location for customers to view.Store locations were located end-to-end the U. S. in rural and urban towns. Moreover customers could purchase products at very low prices and have the ability to return any item. These were the key elements of Wal-Mart value chain. general Wal-Marts competitive advantage over its competitors was efficient supply chain management and lower prices achieved through maintaining low costs. Sears Sears, with the second-highest annual sales, had a strong direct in hard goods, such as home app liances and tools. Around 40% of all major home appliance sales continued to be controlled by Sears.Nevertheless, Sears was struggling with slumping sales as customers turned from Sears mall stores to stand-alone, big-box retailers, such as Lowes and Home Depot, to buy their hard goods. Sears main competitive disadvantage was its store locations. Sears has been too slow to expand away from mall locations, industry analysts said. As Sears Chairman Alan Lacy said Our service and products are as good as our competitors but theyre not where our customers are. Target Target was third in sales but second in profits, behind Wal-Mart.It used differentiation strategy and tried to offer customers grapheme products and had distinguished itself as a merchandiser of stylish upscale products. Targets mission statement focused on great guest service, readable stores and speedy checkouts. Along with Wal-Mart, Target had flourished to such an extent that Dayton-Hudson, its parent company, had cha nged its corporate name to Target. Its main focus was statically higher income consumers and early internet adopters. Targets main competitive advantage was good customer service and quality product. This is where it creates value for its customers.Kohls, and J. C. Penney Both Kohls and J. C. Penney emphasized on soft goods, such as clothing and related items. They both chose differentiation strategy. Kohls concentrated on selling both private and exclusive brands which were only at Kohls as well as national brands like Nike, Adidas, Lee, Levis, Jockey, Van Heusen. personal and exclusive brands contributed a lot more to the gross margin as Kohls has noteworthy control over the production, manufacturing and marketing expense of these brands. Keeping this in mind, Kohls has shifted its merchandise gradually towards this section of merchandise.In 2004, Kohls carried 25% in Private and Exclusive Brands, and this figure rose to 50% in 2011. Moreover it tried to provide convenience prom ise to customers an easy and satisfying shopping experience. Kohls organise departments by lifestyle, added signage and graphics depicting key trends, and presented merchandise to suggest how customers can create new looks. They also continued to improve inventory management to deliver more new product more often, to differentiate line mixes according to geographic preferences, and to assure a shelf never empty of products the consumer desires.J. C Penney targeted give income customs, mainly women who as company executive said that were with, too little time, too little money, and two little kids. Kmart versus Competitors Kmarts main problem was that it did not have clearly defined competitive strategy. In 2001, Kmart proclaimed a new retailing strategy that included less advertising, fewer advertised specials, and lower daily prices on many items. In short, Kmart tried to challenge Wal-Mart as the everyday low-price leader. Wal-Mart responded to the Kmart challenge with still l ower prices.These new initiatives further weakened the ? nancial cast of Kmart Corporation. The Kmart assault on the Wal-Mart image as the low-price leader failed, and Kmart was left with huge volumes of unsold merchandise (Turner 2003, 7172). Kmart forgot to take into consideration that its capacity to lower prices was moderate because of its unfortunate supply chain management, often popular products would be out of stock, in some cases stored in trailors outside of the stores. Kmart was not successful in using differentiation competitive strategy either.While Wal-Mart reigned supreme as the low cost leader, Target was perceived as being a higher quality retailer. There was basically nothing left for Kmart. In attempt to pursue differentiation strategy Kmart updated and enlarged the stores, added name brands, however this was not successful either, acquisitions all performed poorly posting minimal net income or losses and distracted management from core business. Kmarts main co mpetitive disadvantages were problems in value proposition, poor supply chain/inventory management and poor customer service. It needed to choose competitive strategy suitable for it and concentrate on it.

Prose and poetry Essay Example for Free

Prose and poetry EssayCreative writing carries with it a myriad of challenges that atomic number 18 more than often conflicting or ironically similar. Let me start off by setting aside specific characteristics of languages. For instance, general talk typically employs quotidian language. Hence, verbs do what they are developed to do, and this also applies to nouns. Therefore, by examining diverse characteristics of language, it is crucial to assert that, such fonts as rhymes are characteristically poetic ascribe of language and rarely is it employed in everyday language when we do, we cackle because it assumes unnatural tone. And, yet, when employed decisively, or when brought to the forefront of an incident of lingo, rhyme acquires the dimensions of exquisiteness. In this regard, we live with definitely treaded from mere lingo into sphere of literature. All in all, poetry and prose flip common characteristics noticeably. This examination concludes that, there subsists a re alm of equally poetic prose and prose poetry, meaning there subsists no broader variation involving the two. However, a poet cannot do without a salutary developed organization of language this is due to the fact that, poem thrives on the concepts of stanzas and rhymes among others.On the other hand, sentences lean towards prose, sequence metaphors are applicable to both poetry and prose (Bortolussi, et al, 2003). Prose writing generally tags along the standard regulations in syntax, punctuation, sentence social organisation and capitalization. Poetry time and again do not, this is normally attributed to expressive grounds, and each word, interlude, is cautiously selected to say the most by using the minimal words. Therefore, for an individual to wait on this question without being a poet, the remedy is to shun the use of stanzas, lines as well as meter.This is due to the fact that, prose is more of manufacture or non fiction writing. Prose is the lingo of everyday communicatio n, or the symbols medium that apes it. Sister Carrie (1900) is a classic novel authored by the reknowned American Theodore Dreiser. The novel revolves around the dramatic live of a young country girl who had moved to the big city in order to realize her own American dream. Examining this narration in the manner that Shakespeare treats his work, it would be pivotal to assert that, perhaps he could have developed a tragic sequel or another romantic episode.Consider the fact that, Shakespeare is commonly viewed as a feminist therefore, there is a possibility that, he could have developed a satirical drama that resonate with the broader context of ordinary American folks. And this portends to the fact that, he could have attempted to inject life to the characters as is exposed by his previous works. Equally, looking the manner by which Theodore Dreiser presented his case, it would be paramount to assert that, he could have changed the entire scope presented in The Tempest to fit his sh ort stories fascinations.It is notable that, as an author he strongly employed prose to present his works which strongly departed from the realms of highly plotted fiction work. Therefore, if he was the one who had authored The Tempest, there is a possibility that, he could have presented a well articulated but a long novel. This has been established by the fact that, most of his works are crowded by great deal or long novels rather than short narratives. In essence, he could have revolved within an axis of creating a novel that catered for his audience who perhaps includes the center(a) class citizens.Moreover, Dreisers works extensively influenced the pragmatic writings by such authors as Stephen Crane, Jack London, as well as Ernest Hemingway. The Idiot is basically on the thought that, Myshkin is not naturally bright, this is due to the fact that, as the author point, the lad was not educated, and typically criss-crossed the world with a mindset of simplistic virtuousness. Wh en verbalizing his views, he struggles to clear himself with Charlie Brown-like stuttering and insipidity.It is on this ground that, the inhabitants reputed that he was an idiot, but actually, he was a fine, sincere, go outate, and gracious being. The novel appears to posit that a pious man, navigating his paths in a sight that are apprehensive with covetousness and ruthless avarice, will be judged as foolish idiot for valuing integrity, kindness, and the plain things in life. Possibly, it is due to his ingenuousness that all and sundry, including Dr. Schneider referred to him as an idiot. From the novel, Prince Myshkin appears to subsist as if in an undying status of contemplation, of absolute-calmness.Equally, it looks as if that via Myshkin, Dostoyevsky perceives the spiritual familiarity as an enjoyable unknowingness. Therefore, in regard to chapter eleven, it can be assumed that, though the Prince was treated as an idiot, he loved to keep it simple and sincere. Hence, he opte d to be uncomplicated rather than be wicked. In principal, the prince could not have objected or denied to be called an idiot, this can be linked to the fact that, he had spent a quite long time in the sanitarium where he had deceased to seek medication.This coupled with his personal principles made him to withstand despite the fact that, he was innocent and candid in his ways. In as far as he was concerned, the remark fits considerably. Conceivably, this is why Dostoevsky prefers to use it now and then. Examining the kind of people who were surrounding the Prince, it is instrumental to realize that, the nature of their characteristics conflicted with what the Prince believed. Therefore, the features of virtue which he cherished and prize were viewed and interpreted as a sign of weakness.Hence, the usage and application of the word idiot acquired another shape and meaning. A notice or a ennoble carries a wealth of honor and prestige. Therefore, a name can be said to be a sign of honor or as well prestige. To come the question posed, it would be pragmatic to posit that, there are deep-rooted mystical powers in the names we give to others or objects. For instance, on Christian perspective, it is widely claimed that, one of the major act after creation that Adam was assigned was to name each and every beast.Hence, one of the most instrumental aspect of a parental power or authority is to decide and determining the nature of the name to be given to his or her child. Thus a name or a title may depict personality or ones social status as well as ones position in every given community. Also a name carries with it cultural and ethnic identity. Exploring the aspects of the novel The Idiot Fyodor Dostoyevsky, one cannot fail to realize the effect of a name on an individual. It is on that principle that, when the prince is addressed or viewed as an idiot because of his views and moral uprightness, the larger society perceived him to be so.Thus a name holds incident attributes that are allied to the bearer of that given name or title. From the ancient time, to the contemporary world today, names or titles are held in high. I consider that a name can assist to mould you into what you become but not establish who you will be. In conclusion, names as well as titles are given to reflect a sort of identity. There are those who take certain names or title due to ethnic identity, while others are propelled to do due to religious obligations.However, going back to the query what is in a name or a title? Perhaps the answer may look ridiculous, but the general answer to this question is typically that nothing is in a name, and the factual person is within. Nevertheless, at some point in a time when individuals were graded in a class, it would be quite clear to assert that literature had a system of bringing or creating a new connotation to that subject (Bortolussi, et al, 2003). Reference Bortolussi, M Dixon, P. (2003). Literary Response. N. Y Routledge .

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Health And Social Cargon EssayThis endeavor aims to provide a comprehensive account of the gastrointestinal disorder, Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The aetiology, pathology, and prognosis of the disorder will be described, along with details pertaining to its epidemiology. The diagnosis and counseling of the disorder will be described, followed by a discussion of the health implications experienced by patients and the economic be of the disorder. Conclusions will be make ground on the development and evidence discussed throughout the essay.Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), also known as spastic colon, nervous diarrhoea, and functional intestine, is nonpareil of the just about frequent gastrointestinal disorders worldwide ( adept, 2008). It is a chronic, functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract which is characterised by symptoms of abdominal pain or discomfort of the lower abdomen, bloating, and disordered laxation (Silk, 2003). This latter sympto m can manifest in four different forms (Allison, 2002) constipation predominant diarrhoea predominant alternating between constipation and diarrhoea or, non-extreme. Furthermore, although symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal, other symptoms can let in back ache, nausea, heartburn, lethargy, urinary problems, faintness, palpitations, and loss of appetite (Fortson and Lee, 2004). Symptoms are usually worse after(prenominal) eating and most hoi polloi experience flare-ups lasting between 2-4 days. Indeed, a key characteristic of IBS is a cycle of relapse and remittal (Silk, 2003).Worldwide, IBS affects an estimated 10-20% of the population at any one time, although the figure may be high because not everyone seeks help for the condition (Hungin et al. 2003 Hungin et al., 2005). IBS can affect both genders of all ages, although it is twice as common in females (Voci and Cramer, 2009). It can occur at any age, but typically develops in man-to-mans who are 20-30 years old (Wan gen, 2006). Incidence tends to reduce with age (Wilson et al., 2004). Furthermore, more women discover constipation predominant IBS, while more men report diarrhoea predominant IBS (Heitkemper and Jarrett, 2001). Women also tend to report a worsening of symptoms during menstruation, suggesting a hormonal link with IBS (Moore et al., 1998).Despite at that place being no clear aetiology for IBS, on that point is a general consensus that it is a multifactorial disorder of a biopsycho cordial nature (Allison, 2002). Possible factors involved in its development include an abnormality with how the muscles move food through the digestive tract, pain-sensitive digestive organs, a malfunctioning immune system, a problem between the central nervous system and the digestive system, or an abnormal response to infection. Environmental, dietary, and genetic factors that are as yet known are also suspected to play a role in the aetiology of IBS.DiagnosisA diagnosis of IBS can be made using the capital of Italy III criteria of red flag symptoms (Paterson et al., 1999). According to these criteria, an individual is diagnosed with IBS if they have experienced, for at least 6-months, any of the following symptoms abdominal pain or discomfort bloating or, deviate in bowel habit. In addition, the individual has to present with abdominal pain or discomfort that is relieved by defecation or associated with reassigns in bowel frequency or stool formation, and have at least two of the following altered stool evacuation (i.e. straining, urgency, incomplete evacuation) abdominal bloating (i.e. distension, tension, or hardness) symptoms made worse by eating mucus from the rectum. Reported lethargy, nausea, backache and bladder symptoms are also indicators that might inform a diagnosis of IBS. Furthermore, there are a number of tests that are carried out to exclude other diagnoses. These include a full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate or plasma viscousness (screening tes t), c-reactive protein ( plunge in blood), and, antibody testing for coeliac disease (RCN, 2008).The red flag symptoms that require the individual to be referred to secondary care for further investigation include ignorant and unexplained weight loss, rectal bleeding, and, a family history of bowel or ovarian cancer (NICE, 2008). In people aged 60-years or over, a change in bowel habit lasting more than 6-weeks with looser and/or more frequent stools also acts a red flag. Other indicators for referral include anaemia, abdominal or rectal masses, and inflammatory markers for inflammatory bowel disease (NICE, 2008).TreatmentThere is no cure for IBS, but it can be managed and controlled through lifestyle changes and medicine. NICE provide clinical guidelines on the management of IBS in primary care, which were developed through input from the National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (NCC-NSC). These guidelines include the provision of general lifestyle advice, par ticularly in terms of dietary and physical activity advice (NICE, 2008). The intercession and management of IBS is largely focused on providing individuals with the information required to self-manage their condition through diet, physical activity, and medication for specific symptoms.Dietary advice includes having regular meals, taking time to eat, drinking at least eight cups of water daily, and restricting consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol, fizzy drinks, high-fibre foods, resistant starch (i.e. whole grains, legumes, seeds), and fresh fruit. Individuals with diarrhoea are advised to avoid sorbitol, which is an artificial sweetener found in sugar-free sweets and drinks. Individuals with wind and bloating, on the other hand, are advised to increase in undertake of oats and linseeds. If diet is assessed as being a key factor in the IBS symptoms, the individual is referred to a dietician for single food avoidance and exclusion diets.In terms of physical activity, individuals who score low in physical activity on the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) are provided with brief advice and counselling aimed at increasing their activity. The importance of physical activity in the management of IBS cannot be underestimated. Indeed, a poll conducted in Sweden demonstrated that even a minimal increase in physical activity can improve symptoms of IBS (n=102) (Johannesson et al., 2011).First-line pharmacological treatment is dependent on the primary symptoms reported by the individual. For example, there is support for the provision of antispasmodic agents such as hyoscine or peppermint anele to control symptoms of abdominal pain and spasms (Ford, 2008). Laxatives are an option for constipation, whilst loperamide is the recommended first choice of antimobility agent for diarrhoea (NICE, 2008). Second-line pharmacological treatment includes the consideration of tricyclic antidepressants for mood and moderating (pain relieving) effect if first- line treatments do not work (Bell, 2004). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered if tricyclic antidepressants do not work. However, due to the potential side-effects of these second-line medications, follow-up after 4-weeks and then every 6-12 months is advised (NICE, 2008).Psychological ImplicationsIf individuals with IBS do not respond to second-line pharmacological treatments after 12-months, referral for mental support such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnotherapy, or psychotherapy requires consideration (NICE, 2008). Indeed, although it is not a life-threatening condition, IBS can result in a great deal of psychological distress. One study found that half of the patients attending IBS clinics presented with a diagnosable psychiatric disorder (Silk, 2003). Anxiety and depression have been reported in people with IBS and stress and major(ip) life events have been found to often precede the onset of bowel symptoms (Silk, 2003). Strong associations have been found between IBS and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), with this comorbidity adding to social impairments (Lee et al., 2009). There is also a higher prevalence of childhood physical and sexual abuse among individuals diagnosed with IBS, further indicating the potential efficacy of providing psychological support (Allison, 2002).The psychological encroachment of IBS is likely to result from that fact that it can be extremely debilitating and can severely impact quality of life (Heitkemper and Jarrett, 2001). Activities of daily life can be detrimentally impacted and individuals with IBS often experience lethargy and fatigue, which can limit physical activity and social life (Jones et al., 2000). Bertram et al. (2001), who conducted focus groups with people diagnosed with IBS, found that the condition resulted in high levels of frustration and social isolation. There was also an inconsistency in how individuals with IBS perceived their illness and how they felt others perce ived their illness. In particular, there was frustration with a lack of understanding from family, friends, and colleagues in terms of the severity and unpredictability of the illness. Many participants also felt that health care professionals did not take the illness seriously. There is some evidence, however, to suggest that health professionals attitudes towards IBS are changing. In a study conducted by Nunn (2003), the majority of nurses disagreed with a statement suggesting that patients with IBS were demanding and lazy.Nevertheless, the stigma environ IBS can result in individuals with IBS not accessing the support they need. When combined with the general lack of effective treatments for IBS, people often try to treat themselves. It has been estimated that 50% of people with IBS use complementary and alternative medicine (Hussain and Quigley, 2006). The NICE (2008) guidelines on the use of complementary and alternative medicine, however, recommend against encouraging their u se, especially acupuncture and reflexology.Economic Implications prove suggests that disease relapse and remission accounts for 36-50% of all gastrointestinal consultations, although many patients do not seek help and often attempt to self-treat (Gunn et al., 2003 Parker, 2004). IBS has a significant impact on health care resources in both primary and secondary care (Ringstrom et al., 2007). It also contributes to both forecast and indirect costs. Evidence suggests that disease relapse and remission accounts for 36-50% of all gastrointestinal consultations, although many patients do not seek help and often attempt to self-treat (Gunn et al., 2003 Parker, 2004).IBS can lead to increased absenteeism at work and higher rates of health care utilisation, making it a public health problem (Talley, 2008). In a systematic review of the economic cost of IBS in the UK and US, total direct cost estimates per patient per year ranged from $348-8750 (211.79-5325.25) (calculated for year 2002) (M axion-Bergemann, Thielecke, and Bergemann, 2006). The average number of days off work per year because of IBS was between 8.5 and 21.6 indirect costs ranged from $355-3344 (216.25-2037.04). Of note, however, is that the total costs and cost components of IBS were influenced by factors such as the demographic of the patient group and study variables, such as design and databases used. Further look for is needed on the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic procedures andtreatments for IBS in order to help define strategies to help IBS patients improve their quality of life and, in turn, reduce related healthcare and economic costs.ConclusionThis essay has outlined the aetiology and epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, which is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. IBS is a chronic disorder that cannot be cured, but requires self-management through lifestyle, pharmacological treatments, and psychological support. The direct and indirect costs of the condition ar e vast due to the relapsing and remitting nature of the symptoms. Due to there being no clear cause for IBS, stigma still exists regarding its seriousness, which can prevent people seeking medical support. In order to reduce the direct and indirect costs of this common, quality of life depleting illness, healthcare professionals need to take it seriously and assist patients in the long-term management of the physically and psychologically restrict symptoms.

A Case Study Of Telenor Management Essay

A Case Study Of Telenor Management Essay1. IntroductionThis charter endeavors to develop comprehension of how transformational leading flare of top management affects intention at the organizational level. The topic is of paramount importance because of the ever increasing pressures of modernization and innovation on todays globular economy. It has become indispensable to practice a leaders means that makes firms in advance(p) and adaptive to change. Firms are shifting their focus from know leadge economy to creative economy, where corporations allow for compete on the basis of imagination, innovation and creative thinking (Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009)Boston Consulting Group Inc surveyed over 900 senior executives and identified innovation as the key driver of top-line revenue. compendium of firms transforming due to innovation provides evidence for this statement. For example, the highly successful iPod of Apple Inc.s, that earned devastating revenues for the company the ro le of Blackberrys success in the transformation and emergence of query in Motion process innovation at Southwest Airlines Co. that transformed it as an economical and triumphant airline and Procter Gamble Co. outperforming its competitors by focusing on design innovation.Innovation aims at bringing about change in the status quo. It can be defined as discovering (creative thinking ideas) and commercializing those discoveries (implementing the creative ideas). creative thinking new idea generation alone are insufficient for innovation implementation is also a cornerstone of the innovation process. (Oke, Munshi, Walumbwa, 2009)Plentiful studies be in possession of led to the identification of factors that can stimulate innovation at the organizational level. In broad terms, innovation is the adoption or execution of unaccustomed and convenient ideas by baptistry-by-cases in organizations (Amabile Conti 1999) p.360). Factors that are known to have an twist on innovation inclu de leadership (Mumford Gustafson, 1998 Amabile, 1998), a work environment that is conducive for innovation (Amabile, 1998 Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009), chief executive officer salary (Markman, Balkin and Gomez-Mejia, 2000), organizational culture and mood (Mumford Gustafson, 1998 Jung, Wu Chow, 2008 Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009), environmental attributes (Jung, Wu Chow, 2008), learning capability and intra-organizational networks (Tsai, 2001) and job complexity type of supervision (Oldham Cummings, 1996). Among these abundant factors, the leadership behavior of managers has been spot as one of the most important of all (Amabile, 1998 Jung, 2001 Mumford, Scott, Gaddis Strange, 2002).Leadership was merely a concept before the nineteenth century and it was in the start of the 19th century that it emerged as a word in English language (Davis Cushing). Over the years, leaders and leadership have been distinctly defined by diverse scholars. Leadership is a process whereby a lea der changes the course of action of another group, due to the interaction of his personality characteristics and those of the group (Bogardus, 1934). Leadership is the direction of kind-hearted collaborators for the accomplishment of a goal. A leader successfully guides his human assistants for the achievement of particular ends. (Prentice, W.C.H. 1961). Leadership is a goal directed endeavor with the aim to work out the activities of pursuit through communication process. (Donelly, J.H. Ivancevich, J. M. Gibson, J.L. 1985 Leadership is the situational effort towards goal achievement by the process of influencing the individual or group activities. (Hersey, P. Blanchard, K, 1988). Leadership is the formulation of a transparent and complete system of expectations for the purpose of identification, arousal and utilization of strengths of all the resources of an organization, the most important of which is human resource (Batten, J.D. 1989). Leadership is the art of influencing i ndividuals to yield their trump out output/ performance for the accomplishment of a goal, project or objective. (Cohen, W.A. 1990). Leaders are the people who obtain commitment from a working group of individuals and hence motivate them to accomplish the outcomes of a pre-planned direction. (Conger, J.A.1992). Leadership is a process in which a leader manages the goal for an individual or group of individuals and takes all of them unitedly with him or her with proficiency and devotion (Jacques E. Clement, S.D. 1994). Leadership is an unrealizable trait that cannot be distinctly defined. This in fact is a good phenomenon, because if the chase were aware of the description of leadership, they would probably overrun their leaders. (Scott Adams, 1996). Effective leadership is about enabling ordinary people to deliver extraordinary results in the face of challenge and change and to invariably turn in superior performance to the long-term benefit of all concerned (Charlton, 1993) . The to a greater extent recent definitions conceive leadership in terms of influence similitudeships, power differentials, persuasion, influence on goal achievement, reinforcement, role differentiation, initiation of structure, and perceived attributions of behavior that are consistent with what the perceivers spotted leadership to be.Recently, many management scholars and gurus have identified adaptive leadership as the key enabler to cope with the ever increasing challenges of the corporate world. (Bass, Avolio, Jung Berson, 2003). So the adaptive leadership behaviors that have proved to be more nucleusive than other leadership styles in organizational innovation have been labeled as transformational. (Lowe, Kroek, Sivasubramaniam, 1996 Gardner Avolio, 1998 Howell Avolio, 1993). Transformational leadership capabilities continue to be the hallmark of innovative firms. Successful leaders like J.R. Immelt, CEO of General Electric A.G.Lafley, CEO of P&G Ratan Tata, chairman o f Tata Motors Tata Group and Steve Jobs of Apple are the outstanding figures who have fostered innovation by their adaptive behaviors.Transformational leadership holds four theoretically discrete dimensions charisma or view influence, inspirational motivation, cerebral stimulation and individual consideration. Idealized influence reflects the degree to which followers admire and hold their leaders as role models. Leaders exhibiting idealized influence are ethical, consistent, share risks with followers and prefer the needs of their followers above their own needs. Inspirational motivation points to the degree motivation of followers by delineating new opportunities, providing meaning and challenge to followers work and articulating a strong, realistic and shared vision of the future. Intellectual stimulation refers to the ability of a leader to question the assumptions and thinking of followers, reframe problems, stimulate intellectual curiosity, glide path problems in new ways , soliciting creativity and innovation from followers through novel approaches and avoiding open criticism for individual errors. Finally, leaders who provide severalise consideration compensate attention to individual needs for growth, development, support and achievement. They act as coaches or mentors and establish a favorable environment for innovation where values are change and learning opportunities are created (Bass Avolio, 1993) (Some versions of Bass Full-Range Leadership Theory identify 5 components of transformational leadership by breaking down idealized influence/ charisma into idealized influence or attributed charisma. For the sake of simplifying this search, idealized influence and charisma have been grouped together in this study).2. Research Design2.1 Main ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to probe the following objectivesTo discuss the philosophy, attributes and elements of transformational leadership and innovationTo spot the existence of transformational leadership style at Telenor PakistanTo the asses the level of organizational innovation Telenor PakistanTo identify the effect transformational leadership style on organizational innovation2.2 Hypotheses to be testedThe objective of this study is to spot the presence of attributes of transformational leadership i.e. idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation, estimate the level of organizational innovation and examine the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. The working hypothesis within this scope lead be as underH0 Transformational leadership has no effect on organizational innovation.H1 Transformational leadership has strong effect on organizational innovation.2.3 mountain range of the studyThe range of application of this study is limited to the telecommunication sector in Pakistan with specific focus on Telenor (Peshawar). Transformational leadership style leave behind be judged on the basis of four dimensions, that is, charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Furthermore, the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation get outing be analyzed.3. Review of Literature(Burns, 1978) stated that transformational leaders stand above the common place. They indulge in a mutual interaction with their followers that raises the understanding, goals and mission that results in the ultimate arousal and transformation of both the leader and the followers.(Bass, 1985) At the other end to transformational leadership lies transactional leadership where the leaders try to check the status quo. Followers are motivated on the base of extrinsic rewards, such as promotion and monetary benefits. It is an everyday terrestrial transaction of value, where leaders only provide needed value to individuals in exchange for their services.(Jane. M. Howell, Christopher A. Higgins, 1990) The most successful leaders are gifted with qualities of transformational leadership and charisma. They are far more influential and innovative than the leaders having style other than transformational.(David A. Waldman, Bernard M. Bass, 1991) linked the themes of nurturant and persistent leadership with transformational leadership theory. Furthermore, the role of transformational leadership behavior in mixed stages of successful innovations was clarified and implications were presented regarding the proposed model.(Dougherty Hardy, 1996) Transformational leaders intellectually stimulate their followers. This fosters unaccustomed and creative thinking and working processes that pave the way for new technology and knowledge, which are infallible for organizational innovation.Amabile, Conti, Coon, Lazenby, and Herron (1996) have spotted the damaging effects of transactional leadership on creativity. Bono Judge (2004) have supported this proposition in their recent meta-analysis.(Sosik , Avolio Kahali, 1997) Transformational leaders advantageously adapt to exploitative and exploratory thinking processes which in turn yield creative ideas and effective solutions to problems. The effectiveness of transformational leadership at stimulating unconventional and innovative thinking of followers is far greater than that of other leadership styles.(Bass, 1985 Gardner Avolio, 1998) proposed that transformational leaders have the ability to create personal and professional commitment from their followers towards delightful upper-level needs like self-actualization and self esteem. (Oldham Cummings, 1996 Amabile, 1998 Zhou, 2003) added to this research finding by suggesting that this commitment boosts the inherent motivation of followers, which is considered to be an essential driver of individual creativity and organizational innovation.(House Shamir, 1993 Jung Avolio, 2000 Mumford et.al, 2000) Leaders possessing transformational attributes have the ability to regroup the values and norms of their followers in a better way. They encourage the progress of personal and organizational changes and alleviate their followers to go beyond their initial performance expectations.(A.Oke, 2002) was part of a study carried out on the organizational innovation of AXA insurance, Ireland. It was revealed that due to the transformational leadership style of John. ONeil, the CEO, a non-innovative firm was transmuted into an innovative one. To achieve this level of creativity, the physical spaces were decorated with eye catching colors and employees from all levels and functions were made to work together in order to stimulate creativity. The results of this transformational behavior were soon evident in the form of 150 new business ideas during 6 months.(Shin Zhou 2003) found that positive relation was discovered between transformational leadership and creativity of subordinates on the basis of a study conducted on 290 employees and their supervisors belonging to 46 Korean companies.(Jung, Wu, Chow, 2008) concluded in their research that a positive relation has existence between the transformational leadership of CEO and organizational innovation. This effect is moderated by variables such as organizational structure, culture and out-of-door environment. These results are agreed upon after testing multi-sourced data from 50 Taiwanese electronics and telecommunications companies.(Oke, Munshi, Walumbwa, 2009) found that transformational style of leadership strongly enhances creativity and innovation regarding exploratory (creating something of a totally new and radical nature) and exploitative innovation activities (incremental improvements and refinements to something that already exists). These leaders have the ability to transform or change, which makes them the main drivers for innovative processes.(Lale Gumusluoglu, Arzu IIsev, 2009) suggested that transformational leadership style has strong influence on both the individual and org anizational innovation. Individually, transformational leadership is positively related to the creativity of employees. Furthermore, transformational leadership and organizational innovation are spotted to have a positive association between them. These results are the outcome of a study conducted on 163 managers and RD personnel from 43 Micro and small surface software development companies from Turkey.(Khan, Rehman and Fatima, 2009) studied managers from telecommunication sector in Pakistan and explored the positive effects of transformational leadership on organizational innovation.(Mariana Makri, Terri A.Scandura, 2010) identified the strong relation of working(a) leadership (the dimension of leadership which reflects the ability of a CEO to refine the existing paths to growth or tapping new paths by reframing and extending the boundaries of the firm to products and markets) and creative leadership (the ability of a leader to contribute to the social, human and knowledge capit al of his firm) with the quantity and resonance of innovation. The hypothesis was tested over a sample of 77 high technology firms.4. Research Methodology4.1 Sources of dataThis research will make use of both primary and secondary data. Transformational leadership style will be judged on the basis of primary data obtained through interview and questionnaire. The level of organizational innovation will be assessed by primary data obtained through questionnaire and secondary data gathered from the companys publicly disclosed financial statements.4.2 Research instrumentsQuestionnaires and structured interviews will serve as instruments of this research. The extent of transformational leadership will be measured using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass and Avolio, 1995) (Annexure-A). MLQ is a well validated measure of transformational leadership and has been used extensively in prior research (Awamleh and Gardner, 1999). to each one respondent will be asked to rate five aspects of his/her leaders/ top-managers behavior related to each of the four dimensions of transformational leadership (idealized influence/charisma, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation). The responses will be anchored by a 5-point response scale (1-not at all, 2-once in a while, 3-sometimes, 4-fairly often, 5-frequently, if not always).While measuring organizational innovation, a compound measure will be used to capture the broad aspects of innovative activities (Balkin et als, 2000). Two measures will be used to tap into different aspects of innovation. First is the yearly RD expenditure as a percentage of sales revenue over three years prior to this study (i.e.2008-2010). This ratio indicates a firms emphasis on innovation (Hitt, Hoskisson and Kim, 1997 Balkin et al, 2000). These figures will be obtained from the companys publicly disclosed financial statements. Second, different respondents actively following the telecommunication industry will be contacted. The reason is to include different fruits of innovation such as process and service improvements. Each respondent will be offered two sets of questions about the sample firm. The first set includes a single question regarding his/her familiarity with the company. The possible answers will be 1-not familiar with the company at all, 2-somewhat familiar with the company, 3-very familiar with the company. Only the respondents with responses 2 and 3 will be considered. The second set comprises of 20 questions (4 questions each for scanning five types of innovative activities i.e. product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation, strategic innovation and organizational climate innovation) in order to rate the level of organizational innovation (Annexure B). The 5-point Likerts Scale (1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-neither agree nor disagree, 4-agree, 5-strongly agree) will be used to anchor the responses.4.3 Sampling design(a) introduction / tribeTher e are many national and multinational telecommunication companies operating in Pakistan. All these national and multinational firms collectively form the population/ universe of this research. Results will be generalized and recommendations will be forwarded considering all these firms.(b) Sample size and selectionThis research will adopt a case study approach by focusing on Telenor (Peshawar) as the sample firm. A simple random sample of 30 employees of low, middle and top-management of the company will be selected with the aim of assessing transformational leadership. Furthermore, organizational innovation will be judged by studying a random sample of 30 respondents that are directly or indirectly associated with the telecommunication industry in Pakistan.

Structural Family Therapy Is A Therapeutic Approach Psychology Essay

morphological Family Therapy Is A Therapeutic Approach Psychology proveStructural Family Therapy is a therapeutic approach that recognizes that families possess m whatsoever strengths and it attempts to move familys beyond dys working(a) warnings of interactions. Structural Family Therapy method was developed by Salvador Minuchin in the sixties and is the leading model in family therapy and is oneness of the around widely utilise models for family therapy. Its condense is on family construction subsystems boundaries. Its goal is to focus on problem presented and structures displayed and remediate or restructure the family structure then realign the family subsystems.The established family patterns is described by family structure and it is these patterns that de boundaryine how, why, who and when family members respond to and react with one another. The traditional family structure in the United States is considered a family support system involving two-pargonnt household t hat provides provisions for their children. However, the two-p atomic number 18nt, family has become less customary, and alternative family systems have become more common. The family is turned at birth and generations ar formed. Those generations are known as the extended family or subsystems aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins, and of these family members anyone can hold major emotional and financial parts for the family. The copulationships between these populate are known as subsystems, coalitions, or alliances. Each subsystem has its own rules, boundaries, and unique characteristics. Membership in subsystems can agitate It is these family members that join together to perform functions. These boundaries and can be viewed on a continuum from open to closed. Every system has ways of including and excluding elements so that the line between those within the system and those outside of the system is clear to all. No family system is completely closed or completely open. OverviewStructural Family Therapy employs not only a distinctive classification of terms, but is also a intend of illustrating crucial family boundaries. Its emphasis is on the structure of the family, including its many substructures. Minuchin is a follower of the communication theory, which is the discipline that studies the principles of transmitting information and the methods by which it is de sufferred. An essential trait of Structural Family Therapy is that the family system is used as a catalyst for positive dislodge.Every family has a structure. A familys structure is the invisible or covert set of functional demands that dictate or organize the way family members interact (Minuchin, 1974). Family dynamics is the term used for the way that families communicate and exist together. Every family has a distinct pattern of relating to one another, which can be positive or negative. Family dynamics are influenced by family structure, for example, how many children are in the fa mily, whether one or two parents live in the home, whether or not there is a stepparent in the family, cultural background and the personalities of individually member. All of these examples contribute to the influence of family dynamics. Minuchin believes families that have an open and admit structure recovers more quickly and functions better in the long term.Key ConceptsStructural Family Therapy outlines three basic subsystems and are often organized by grammatical gender or generation. The marital subsystem in which the couple relationship, the parental subsystem, and the sibling subsystem. Each subsystem is distinguished by the members who comprise the subsystem as phonely as the tasks or focus of the subsystem.In Structural Family Therapy, family rules are outlined as an invisible set of functional demands that persistently organizes the interaction of the family. Coalitions, boundaries, and power hierarchies between subsystems are important rules for a counselor to study (Minuchin, S. 1974). Ann Hartman (1979) has defined the marches of a family as that invisible line that diverts what is inside the family and what is outside the family. This outside boundary defines the whole family in relation to other systems such as schools, churches, or other families, and outside individuals. The subsystems could consist, for instance, of those members who belong to the same generation (such as the children) or the same sex (the men of the family) or those who have the same interests or functions. Individuals may belong to more than one subsystem. Over a period of time, rules are developed about how the subsystems interact with each other, and who is included in the subsystems, and how each participates. In other words, the kind of boundary that exists defines the relationship between and among the subsystems. check to Minuchin, understanding a family requires discloseing the processes and boundaries that operate the subsystems and coalitions in that family . Minuchin defined three types of interpersonal boundaries (clear, rigid, or diffuse) that determine the overall ability of the family to adapt successfully to change Clear boundaries around generic subsystems are ideal because they are firm yet flexible, permitting maximum adaptation to change. Rigid boundaries imply disengagement between family members or subsystems. The prevailing non-communicative hinders support and limits effective adaptation. Diffuse boundaries imply enmeshment where everyone is into everyone elses business. In this case, no one and everyone is taking charge and effective guidance during times of change is impossible.In addition to structure, substructures and external and internal boundaries, Structural Family Therapy is also establish on roles, rules and power. A family is organized in terms of roles. Every family has to decide who will care for the children, who does what chores around the house, who makes decisions, and who handles the money. To function well, a family must have round clarity and agreement about these roles. Nevertheless, roles cannot be so firm and closely defined that they cannot be modified. Each member of a family plays a significant role in the family dynamics, and if a death or divorce occurs, the family structure is upset, which upsets family dynamics. People might blame one another or rely on a distinguishable family member more than before, which shifts the structure. Role organization and principles in any family are influenced by many factors culture, ethnic background, experience in the family in which one grew up, life style, and family size and composition.Over a period of time, family members develop rules about how they associate with each other and with the external environment. Many of these rules are silent contracts. there are rules about communication, such as parents never argue in front of the children. There are rules about how decisions are made, how problems are solved, and about how c itizenry are supposed to think, feel, and act. The rules are monotonous, expected, and unwavering.Families develop distinguishing ways to make decisions and to resolve conflict. All families must have ways to make decisions and to resolve conflict. In most families all members have, and need to have, a certain amount of power and influence in some areas. As Aponte (1976) has pointed out, Family members must have enough power in the family to be able to protect their personal interests in the family at all times, while keeping the well-being of the other members, and of the family as a whole, in mind. nigh people think that power and decision- reservation is vested primarily in adult members of the family. However, there can be a great variation in how power is distributed and used in families.There are many types of boundary problems as many problems as there are families. Family systems therapists assess families for boundary problems along a spectrum, placing boundary problems b etween the following two extremes Enmeshed families are entangled and it is difficult to be extricated or separated the boundaries. In enmeshed families, boundaries do not render for individuation they are too fluid, and have become crossed and often distorted. Boundaries are constantly crossed in numerous ways. Disengaged which means to mentally separate yourself or somebody else from a situation or difficulty. Detached describes the individual that stands on its own and is not joined to another system. Families that share little to nothing, typically overly rigid families, are described as detached. Theres little to no communication and no flexibility in family patterns to accommodate effective support and guidance. coincidence refers to the way in which family members as individuals and as parts of subsystems relate to each other relative to other family members and subsystems (Nelson Utesch, 1990. P. 237). Alignments can include either joining or opposing one member or subsys tem over another (Aponte Van Deusen, 1981). A Coalition is an alignment between two people in a system which excludes a third person. According to Minuchin coalitions are short-lived.Therapeutic InterventionsThe geomorphological family therapy has many therapeutic interventions such as Boundary making, Unbalancing, Joining, Enactments, conform to, Raising Intensity, and Reframing. Boundary making involves restructuring the family because it changes the rules within which the family functions (Colapinta, 1982). Boundary making is a restructuring maneuver because it changes the rules of the game. Unbalancing is to make something lose its balance or equilibrium. It is used create disequilibrium in the family structure which helps the systems to see their impaired patterns and to be open to restructuring and/or change. Joining means to put or bring together so as to make continuous or form a unit. It is necessary for the therapist to establish this bond (Minuchin, 1974). Enactments are the act or process of enacting something. According to Minuchin and Fishman enactment constructs an interpersonal scenario in the session in which dysfunctional transactions among family members are played out. This technique allows the therapist to observe how family members control their actions, and to determine the problematic behavior within the sequence of transactions (Colapinta, 1982). Accommodating is a willing to please or to be helpful. Intensity is the structural method of changing maladaptive transactions by using strong affect, tell intervention, or prolonged pressure. Intensity works best if done in a direct, unapologetic manner that is goal specific. The procedure of restructuring is at the heart of the structural approach. The goal of structural family therapy is to make the family more functional by altering the existing hierarchy and interaction patterns so that problems are not maintained. It is accomplished with the use of enactment, unbalancing, and bound ary formation.Cognitive airal TherapyCognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy are the most commonly used psychotherapeutic treatments of mental disorders in adults (Goisman et al., 1999). Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, in the mid-1960s, and is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems conditions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is usually more focused on the present, more time-limited, and more problem-solving oriented. Indeed, much of what the patient does is solve current problems. The goals of cognitive therapy are to help individuals gain control a better understanding and to solve current problems. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy uses a wide classification of techniques to help patients change their thoughts, actions, attitudes, and make-up. Its focus is on the way we perceive situations influences how we feel emotionally. Techniques may be cognitive, behavioral, environmental, biological, supportive, interpersonal, or experiential. CBT has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for a wide variety of disorders. To name just a few, it has been found useful for psychiatric disorders such as depression, the full range of anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse, personality disorders, and (along with medication) bipolar disorder and schizophrenia medical disorders with a psychological component, including several conditions involving chronic or acute pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, pre-menstrual syndrome, colitis, sleep disorders, obesity, Gulf War syndrome, and somatoform disorders and psychological problems such as anger, relationship difficulties, and compulsive gambling.In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy clients learn certain skills that they can use throughout their lives. These skills involve relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors, identifying distorted thinking, and modifyi ng popular opinions Distorted thinking or Cognitive distortions are exaggerated and irrational thoughts. There are many types of Cognitive distortion randy reasoning is Feelings are facts Anticipating negative outcomes -The worst will happen All-or-nothing thinking-All good or all bad Mind-reading Knowing what others are thinking Personalization Excess accountability and Mental filter Ignoring the positive. The cognitive distortions theory was presented by David Burns in The Feeling Good Handbook in 1989. He studied under Aaron T. Beck. According to Beck eliminating these distortions and negative thoughts will improve mood and discourage disorders such as depression and chronic anxiety. The process of learning to refute these distortions is called cognitive restructuring. Modifying Beliefs is a large step where one must recognize and identify certain beliefs even exist. However, in order to improve your attitude or behavior, you must begin to change these beliefs and adopt n ew healthy ones. This can be a difficult task if the belief is one that you have held onto all your life. For you to change any belief system, you must begin by questioning yourself about these beliefs sort of a personal rebuttal to your own ineffective beliefs. When it comes to relating to others, most people have been well-educated to think one way, the win-lose way. Relating to others simply means interacting effectively with a wide range of people in a many different situations. Clients who relate well to others are open to new learning and able to take different roles in different situations. They are aware of how their words and actions affect others. They know when it is trance to compete and when it is appropriate to co-operate. By working effectively together, they can come up with new approaches, ideas, and ways of thinking. Behavior change can refer to any transformation or modification of human behavior and is a rapid and involuntary when associated with mental disord ers.OverviewIvan Pavlov, B.F. skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Albert Bandura, Arnold Lazarus, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the contributors to the development of Cognitive Behavior therapy. There are three main theoretical approaches Cognitive behavior therapy. The first approach is Behavior therapy which is based upon the principles of classical condition developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by B. F. Skinner. Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to fire a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. The traditional example of classical conditioning is Pavlovs classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone solo could produce the salivation response. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The traditional example of operant conditioning uses the Skinner box, the subject, a rat, is kept in the box and becomes conditioned to press a bar by being rewarded with food pellets each time its early random movements caused it to press against the bar. The second theoretical approach is social learning theory is the view that people learn from observation, imitation and modeling. The social theory was coined by Albert Banduras in the 1960s, and explains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes. Arnold Lazarus is a pioneer in behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, and multimodal therapy. He originated the term Behavior Therapy in the professional literature and went on to develop Multimodal Therapy which has been recognized as one of the most effective forms of cognitive- behavior therapy. Arnold Lazarus expanded the scope of CBT to include somatogenetic sensations (as distinct from emotional states), visual images (as distinct from language-based thinking), interpersonal relationships, and biological factors. The third theoretical approach is cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. It was developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s.

Gardens Essay -- Environment, Nature and Culture, Landscape

Throughout the history of man winning, the gardens have been created to feed the spirit. The landscape is a family between nature and culture it expresses who we are and where we from. Furthermore, landscape architecture advances along with society and it ad plainly to the change of their tastes and way of life. It is at first hand the seek for a balance of adapting the environment and the advance society. We can observe the several(predicate) styles and designs process each culture has, simply by looking at what kind of elements, plants, and regulations it uses. For example in the United States a designer takes into consideration the ADA regulations while in Mexico they dont, which will result in a different design approach. This means that we might witness a similar design containing a bridge crossing through a pond but wholeness design might incorporate railings and the other one will not. This tells us how one society values the importance of incorporating safety and handi cap accessibility just by using different elements. The following essay intends to discuss how culture can contribute to the design of an exterior space and how its reflected in the process of a landscape architect. To accomplish this task I am going to look at two landscape architects from different regions and witness how diverse but also how unified they are to each other by looking at the way they incorporate elements from their culture and other societies. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN BRAZIL The first landscape architect that I choose to accomplish my task is Burle Marx. Troguhout his life he designed hundreds of private and public space which helped him belong recognized and obtain comitions throughout Latin- America, United States, and across the continent. Burle ... ...Because of the importance of the location of the site the designer took into consideration the culture aspect of the area. The Olympic forest ballpark combines the traditional Chinese landscape and the feng- shui philosophy with the contemporary design concepts and techniques. Two crucial traditional elements used were the mountain and water feature, these were incorporated in the cooking and design of the Olympic Forest Park. An artificial mountain was created and dragon-shape lake flowing along the axis was designed. The mountain designed is called Yandshan Mountain, to accomplish the design of this mountain the designer hit the books other important mountains around Beijing. On the south entrance, large stones are located throughout the plaza. the overall design includes rich landforms, mountain chain, islands, and downhill streams that stretch diverse eco-habitats (Jie).

Deception in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Deception in Othello In the play Othello, the very evil and conniving character Iago deceives the main characters. He prays mostly on the main character Othello. Othello is a black general who is married to a white woman named Desdemona. In the beginning of the play Othello promotes a man named Cassio to be his expert hand man in his army. Iago, thinking that he was going to get the promotion, is furious by this and swears revenge on Othello. In his revenge he uses numerous people. One of these people is Rodrigo. He is in love with Othellos wife Desdemona. Iago prays on Rodrigo and causes him to have a battle with Cassio. Iago prays very heavily on Othello towards the mall of the play. He begins to tell him that his wife Desdemona is cheating on him with Cassio. Iago plans this perfectly. Iago tells Othello to keep close watch on his wife Desdemona. At the same time he told Cassio to be very good to Desdemona. Iago tells Cassio that the only way to be back on Othellos good side was to get close to his love, and that is Desdemona. So while Othellos suspicious are up, Cassio is being especially nice to Desdemona. Iago chose a very good time to attack Othellos emotions. At a time when Cassio has wronged Othello, he tells Cassio to get close to Othellos wife, the love of his life. For a lot of Othellos rule, Iago has been like Othellos advise giver. He has been like a best lifter to Othello. Iago was not only Othellos advise giver but to many persons of power. This puts him in a great position already to do his evil bidding. Othello plays beneficial along with Iagos plan. Othello believes all(prenominal)thing that Iago says. In a way, he falls into Iagos plan a little to well. For Iago, everything happens at exactly the right time. Othello listens to what Iago says because Iago has gained much leave from Othello. He has no reason not to believe what Iago was saying. He played a part in his own downfall because he falls for every lie that Iago throws at him . He needed to have a stronger mind for things like that. Othello needed to think harder about what was being said to him by Iago. At the time that Iago was telling him these lies, it all seemed to make sense.